为什么素数prime number被称为prime number?

笔记

英语中的“prime”一词源自拉丁语“primus”,意为“第一”。
从乘法的角度来看,素数就是这些“第一”的数,即所有其他数都是通过它们的乘积而产生的数(通过乘法)。所有其他数(正整数)都可以被素数度量,但只有素数能被单位度量。这使得素数成为“第一”。

原文

https://www.quora.com/Why-are-prime-numbers-called-prime

Question: Why are prime numbers called prime?
问题:为什么质数被称为质数?

Well over two-thousand years ago Euclid defined prime numbers in his definitive Geometry textbook The Elements (book 7, definition 11), as follows:
两千多年前,欧几里得在他的经典几何教科书《几何原本》(第 7 卷,定义 11)中首次定义了质数,内容如下:

Using our alphabet this is:
用我们的字母表示为:

Prôtos arithmos estin ho monadi monêi metroumenos.
素数(质数)是仅能被单位(一)所度量的数。

The Elements was the standard text for geometry in the West until the twentieth century; so it was the book that fixed our choice of terminology. Roughly transliterated, Euclid’s definition is:
《几何原本》一直是西方几何的标准教材,直到二十世纪;因此,它确立了我们术语的选择。粗略转写,欧几里得的定义是:

Prime numbers are that unit alone measured.
素数是仅能被 1 和它本身整除的数。

Or translated: 或者翻译为:

A prime number is that which is measured by an unit alone.
质数是仅能被单位测量的数。

Rather than say ‘measured,’ we now say ‘divisible,’ but the idea is simple. Prime numbers are not multiples of other numbers (the unit one was not view as a number). Aristotle used the same definition (Anal. post. II 13, 96 a 36) and along with Theon of Smyrna also viewed the unit as not being a number (Metaph. 1088 a 6), but rather the beginning of number.
现在我们不说“被度量”,而是说“可被整除”,但其核心概念很简单。素数不是其他数的倍数(单位不被视为数)。亚里士多德使用了相同的定义(《后分析篇》II 13,96 a 36),并且与塞米拉米斯的西奥一起认为单位不是数(《形而上学》1088 a 6),而是数的起点。

So why the word ‘prôtos,’ and why should it be ‘prime’ in English?
那么为什么用“prôtos”这个词?为什么在英语中要翻译为“prime”?

The Greek philosophers used the word ‘prôtos’ is the sense of first in order of existence (see Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, proteros and prôtos: B.I.3.c). This is one of the standard meanings of our ‘prime’ or ‘primary.’ In fact the English word ‘prime’ is from the Latin word for first: ‘primus.’ In a multiplicative sense prime numbers are thus the first numbers, the numbers from which the other numbers all arise (through multiplication). All other numbers (positive integers) are measured by primes, but primes alone are measured only by units. This makes primes first.
古希腊哲学家使用“prôtos”这个词,意指在存在顺序中居于首位(参见亨利·乔治·利德尔和罗伯特·斯科特的《希腊-英语词典》,proteros 和 prôtos:B.I.3.c)。这是我们“prime”或“primary”一词的标准含义之一。事实上,英语中的“prime”一词源自拉丁语“primus”,意为“第一”。从乘法的角度来看,素数就是这些“第一”的数,即所有其他数都是通过它们的乘积而产生的数(通过乘法)。所有其他数(正整数)都可以被素数度量,但只有素数能被单位度量。这使得素数成为“第一”。

This mathematical meaning of ‘prime’ (‘prôtos’) is essentially unchanged from the ancient times and was apparently in use at the time of Pythagoras.
“prime” 这个数学术语(“prôtos”)的基本含义自古以来几乎没有变化,并且显然在毕达哥拉斯时代就已经被使用了。